每個人都曾試圖在平淡的學(xué)習(xí)、工作和生活中寫一篇文章。寫作是培養(yǎng)人的觀察、聯(lián)想、想象、思維和記憶的重要手段。相信許多人會覺得范文很難寫?下面是小編為大家收集的優(yōu)秀范文,供大家參考借鑒,希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
精選書信的格式及范文(精)一
- 抗擊疫情書信格式 推薦度:
- 抗疫情的征文書信格式 推薦度:
- 離職原因怎么寫格式 推薦度:
- 活動方案怎么寫格式 推薦度:
- 合同的格式 推薦度:
- 相關(guān)推薦
書信是日常生活中常用的文體,是用以交涉事宜、傳達信息、交流思想、聯(lián)絡(luò)感情、增進了解的重要工具。書信一般可分為商務(wù)信件或公函(business letter or official correspondence)和私人信件(private letter)兩大類。值得注意的是,英語書信的寫法與漢語書信有一些明顯區(qū)別,應(yīng)特別加以區(qū)分。
英語書信通常包括下面幾個組成部分:信端、信內(nèi)地址、稱呼、正文、結(jié)束語、簽名、附件、再啟等。下面我們將逐個進行介紹。
信端即信頭,一般包括寫信人的地址和寫信日期。一些正式信函的信端還包括發(fā)信人或單位的電話號碼、電報掛號、電傳、傳真和郵政編碼等。
西方國家中有些信端甚至還有單位負(fù)責(zé)人的`姓名、職務(wù)和職稱等。
信端的目的是使收信人一看便知道書信來自何處,何時發(fā)出,便于復(fù)信和查閱。用一般的信紙寫信時,信端應(yīng)寫在信紙的右上角,若字?jǐn)?shù)較多,可從信紙中間或偏右的地方寫起。若字?jǐn)?shù)較少,可適當(dāng)多向右移一些,使整個信端的重心落在右上角。
信端的寫法主要有并列式和斜列式兩種。從目前情況來看,前者更為常用。
采用并列式時,每行開頭要左對齊;采用斜列式時,每行開頭逐次向右移二三個字母的距離。
例如
(1)并列式
16 fuxing street
haidian district
beijing
post code: 100035
people’s republic of china
tel: 63211234
aug. 20, 2004
(2)斜列式(indented form)
16 fuxing street
haidian district
beijing
post code: 100035
people’s republic of china
tel: 63211234
aug. 20, 2004
寫信端時,先寫發(fā)信人的地址,地點的名稱按由小到大的順序排列,然后與其它項目和發(fā)信日期。具體次序是:第一行寫門牌號和街名;第二行寫區(qū)名、市(縣)名、省(州、邦)名,往國外寄的信,還要寫上國家的名稱;國家名稱的前面加上郵政編碼,其后可寫上電話號碼,最后一行寫發(fā)信日期。如果寫信人的地址是機關(guān)單位的名稱,則將其作為第一行。如果寫信人的單位沒有門牌號碼和街名,則第一行可寫上所在班級或?qū)I(yè)組的名稱;第二行寫系、科、室名稱;第三行寫學(xué)校名稱;第四行寫市(縣)、省(州)名稱;然后再寫郵政編碼、國名、電話號碼、發(fā)信日期等項。
如果使用標(biāo)點符號,則在每行末尾加逗號,最后一行的末尾加句號。但當(dāng)前的信件中行末大都不加標(biāo)點符號,但在每行之內(nèi)該用標(biāo)點符號的地方,仍要用標(biāo)點。
特別要注意的是,門牌號碼和街名之間要加逗號。月份和日期之間不可用逗號。在西方國家,城市名稱之后往往寫有字母或數(shù)字(如 new york, 103),表示城市的郵政編碼。
the last chapter discussed the importance of using good grammar and good word choice in your writing. however, the most grammatically perfect paragraph will not receive a good grade if it is poorly organized and not focused on a central idea. the paragraph must have unity and coherence. these ideas were discussed briefly in chapter 22, but in this chapter we will explore unity and coherence more fully so that you can learn how these elements impact your writing.
as you learned in chapter 22, coherence is whether or not what you write makes sense and whether or not the ideas are arranged in a logical manner. if ideas are out of order in writing, then the reader has a very difficult time trying to understand your point. as a result the reader will lose interest and you will not be able to convey your point.
unity is equally important. unity means that your writing sticks to one point at a time. when you mix and match ideas in writing jumping from one idea to the next and back again, the reader has a hard time following you. inevitably, the reader will not understand your point and will eventually lose interest. this chapter explores ways to help you make certain that your writing is both coherent and unified.
once you have generated a topic sentence and the details to support that topic sentence, it is time to organize your ideas. by organizing your ideas you will create a clear picture of the structure of your paragraph. the most efficient way to organize ideas is to outline them. with the aid of an outline you will be able to decide if you have enough supporting ideas for your topic sentence and you will be able to eliminate those details that do not support your topic sentence. the outline will also let you test various methods of organization to decide which one suits your topic sentence the best and let you test the placement of your topic sentence within the paragraph to see where it will have the greatest impact on the reader. with the use of an outline you should be able to create organized, coherent, unified, well-supported paragraphs.
the last step in the writing process is proofreading. after you have finished developing and supporting your ideas and after you have checked the organization, it is time to put the finishing touches on your paragraph. as your last step you need to check the spelling, punctuation, mechanics, and word choice of your paragraph as well as check to be certain you have a concluding statement. you cannot check all of these things in one reading so you should break the task into sections. first, check the punctuation and mechanics of your paragraphs. this means you are making sure you don't have errors like comma splices or fragments. you are also making sure you put question marks at the ends of questions and periods at the ends of statements.
the next step is to check your word choice and spelling. you want to be sure that you have used the correct words for your intended meaning, so you want to be sure that you haven't used a two when you need a too. be sure to double check the spelling of any word you often misspell and look up any word you are unsure of. if you are word processing, use the spell check on your computer to help you with your possible spelling mistakes.
the first step when you write from what you read is to be sure you understand what you have read. to ensure your understanding, you should be an active reader. this means that you should read more than once with a different purpose each time, you should ask questions before, during, and after you read, and you should make notes as you read.
once you have read actively, you will be prepared to write in a number of different ways. you will be able to summarize what you have read. that means you are accurately re-telling the author's main ideas in your own words. a summary also gives the major supporting details the author has used to support the main ideas. once again though, summaries are written in your words not the author's words.
another method of writing about what you have read is to respond to the reading. when you respond to a reading, you pick out a particular point or idea that the author has made and then brainstorm to develop your own ideas based on the author's thought. unlike summarizing, you are generating your own ideas based on the author's original thought.
rather than generating a new idea, you may also choose to respond to an idea in the reading. you may agree or disagree with a point the author has made. in your writing, you will explain why you agree or disagree with that point. once again, you are coming up with your own reasoning and your own wording in response to something you have read.
a particular type of writing you will be required to do is writing answers to essay tests. essay test questions often ask you to read material and then either summarize the material or respond to it in a particular way. the one thing that makes essay test writing different from other writing situations is the time limit. in a testing situation you will carefully monitor your use of time and you won't put all of the polishing touches in that you would if you had unlimited time to complete the writing.
these are some of the ways you can tie the material that you read to the material you write. you will find that if you follow the advice given in this chapter that you will never be at a loss for a topic to write about.
in this chapter you will study the importance of being specific in the details you use to support an idea. when you write in vague, general terms, you leave the reader to interpret what you mean and often the reader will not have enough information to accurately do that. you must be clear in your meaning so that anyone who reads your work understands exactly what you want him to understand.
it is equally important that you provide enough information to support your ideas. generally you need 3 to 5 examples per idea to be sure you've given sufficient support. the best way to develop support is to ask yourself questions about your ideas. you can evaluate the support at each stage of the writing process. much of the work that you do in the rough lines editing is evaluating support and asking questions to be sure you have said enough to clearly communicate your ideas to your audience.
once you have gathered together as many details as you think you need, you then organize them with a rough outline. this gives you another opportunity to check for sufficient support. does each section of the outline seem developed? is there more than one detail for each section? have you used specific rather than general words as you've outlined? at this point you double-check the topic sentence to be sure it covers all your details. always remember that the more details you put in the outline the more details will make it into your paragraph.
if you are at a loss for details, try turning to your senses. asking questions about how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, and sounds can provide you with plenty of details. when you are describing an event ask questions like who, what, when, where, how, and why. read the lecture below for further information on developing support and details for your writing.
s("content_relate");精選書信的格式及范文(精)二
一般的書信由六個部分構(gòu)成。這六個部分是:稱呼、問候、正文、祝福語、署名、日期。下面分別說說它們在格式上的要求。
(1)稱呼
寫一封信,先要把收信人的稱呼頂格寫在第一行,然后,再在后面加上冒號,表示下面有話要說。
(2)問候語
問候語要寫在稱呼的下一行,空兩格。它可以獨立成為一段。
(3)正文
正文一般分為連接語、主體文、總括語三個部分。每一個部分開頭都應(yīng)另起一行,空兩格落筆。
(4)祝福語
祝福語是表示致敬或祝賀一類的話,如“此致”、“祝”等。應(yīng)獨占一行,空兩格寫。
另外,在寫與“此致”或“祝”相配套的“敬禮”、“健康”等一類表示祝福的話語時,一般要另起一行頂格寫。
(5)署名
寫完信之后,在信的右下角寫上發(fā)信人的姓名叫做署名。在署名的前面一般還要加上合適的稱謂,如“你的同學(xué)”、“你的好友”,“您的學(xué)生”等。
(6)日期
日期寫在署名的下一行。
精選書信的格式及范文(精)三
- 抗擊疫情書信格式 推薦度:
- 抗疫情的征文書信格式 推薦度:
- 合同的格式 推薦度:
- 一般的情況說明怎么寫 推薦度:
- 活動總結(jié)的格式 推薦度:
- 相關(guān)推薦
一般書信的格式
書信歷史悠久,其格式也幾經(jīng)變化。以下是一般書信的格式,歡迎閱讀。
1.書信格式
2.收信人的輩分和寫信的口氣
3.寫信字體(整潔干凈,大方美觀)
4.落款位置和日期
5.寫信目的和立場
6.寫信用紙(email則可適當(dāng)選擇信紙背景以烘托主題)
7.信件封面格式和收信人尊稱
今天,按通行的習(xí)慣,書信格式主要包括五個部分:稱呼、正文、結(jié)尾、署名和日期。
也稱“起首語”,是對收信人的稱呼。稱呼要在信紙第一行頂格寫起,后加“:”,冒號后不再寫字。稱呼和署名要對應(yīng),明確自己和收信人的關(guān)系。(具體可參見第四編《應(yīng)酬稱謂》)稱呼可用姓名、稱謂,還可加修飾語或直接用修飾語作稱呼。這里簡要說明幾條細(xì)則:
(1)給長輩的書信。若是近親,就只寫稱謂,不寫名字,如“爸”、“媽”、“哥”、“嫂”等;親戚關(guān)系的,就寫關(guān)系的稱謂,如“姨媽”、“姑媽”等。對非近親的長輩,可在稱謂前加名或姓,如“趙阿姨”、“黃叔叔”等。
(2)給平輩的書信。夫妻或戀愛關(guān)系,可直接用對方名字,愛稱加修飾語或直接用修飾語,如“麗”、“敏華”、“親愛的”等;同學(xué)、同鄉(xiāng)、同事、朋友的書信,可直接用名字、昵稱或加上“同學(xué)”、“同志”,如“瑞生”、“老紀(jì)”、“小鄒”、“三毛”等。
(3)給晚輩的書信。一般直接寫名字,如“樂毅”、“君平”、“阿明”等;也可在名字后加上輩分稱謂,如“李花侄女”等;亦可直接用稱謂作稱呼,如“孫女”、“兒子”等。
(4)給師長的書信,通常只寫其性或其名,再加“老師”二字,如“段老師”、“周師傅”、“宏海老師”等。對于十分熟悉的師長,也可單稱“老師”、 “師傅”。假如連名帶姓,在信首直稱“孫松平老師”、“王達夫師傅”,就顯得不大自然且欠恭敬。對于學(xué)有專長、德高望重的師長,往往在姓后加一“老”字,以示尊重,如“戴老”、“周老”,亦可在姓名后加“先生”二字。為鄭重起見,也有以職務(wù)相稱的,如“董教授”、“陳大夫”、“佟工程師”等。
(5)給一個單位或幾個人的書信,又不指定姓名的,可寫“同志們”、“諸位先生”、“xx等同志”等。給機關(guān)團體的書信,可直接寫機關(guān)團體名稱。如 “xx委員會”、“xx公司”。致機關(guān)團體領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的書信,可直接用姓名,加上“同志”、“先生”或職務(wù)作稱呼,亦可直接在機關(guān)團體稱呼之后加上“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)同志”、“負(fù)責(zé)同志”、“總經(jīng)理”、“廠長”等。
如果信是同時寫給兩個人的,兩個稱呼應(yīng)上下并排在一起,也可一前一后,尊長者在前。
上述五種場合,有時還可按特殊對象,視情況加上“尊敬的”、“敬愛的”、“親愛的”等形容詞,以表示敬重或親密之情。當(dāng)然,這要用得適宜,如對好友稱“尊敬的`”,反而顯得見外,對無特殊關(guān)系的年輕女性貿(mào)然稱呼“親愛的”,那就有失檢點了。
正文通常以問候語開頭。問候是一種文明禮貌行為,也是對收信人的一種禮節(jié),體現(xiàn)寫信人對收信人的關(guān)心。問候語最常見的是“您好!”“近好!”依時令節(jié)氣不同,也常有所變化,如“新年好!”“春節(jié)愉快!”問候語寫在稱呼下一行,前面空兩格,常自成一段。
問候語之后,常有幾句啟始語。如“久未見面,別來無恙。”“近來一切可好?”“久未通信,甚念!”之類。問候語要注意簡潔、得體。
接下來便是正文的主要部分——主體文,即寫信人要說的話。它可以是稟啟、復(fù)答、勸諭、抒懷、辭謝、致賀、請托、慰唁,也可以是敘情說理、辯駁論證等。這一部分,動筆之前,就應(yīng)該成竹在胸,明白寫信的主旨,做到有條有理、層次分明。若是信中同時要談幾件事,更要注意主次分明,有頭有尾,詳略得當(dāng),最好是一件事一段落,不要混為一談。
正文寫完后,都要寫上表示敬意、祝愿或勉勵的話,作為書信的結(jié)尾。習(xí)慣上,它被稱做祝頌語或致敬語,這是對收信人的一種禮貌。祝愿的話可因人、因具體情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~,不要亂用。(可參見下節(jié)《常用書信用語》的“祝頌語”。)
結(jié)尾的習(xí)慣寫法有兩種:
(1)在正文寫完之后,空兩格寫“此致”,轉(zhuǎn)一行頂格兩格寫“敬禮”。
(2)不寫“此致”,只是另起一行空兩格寫“敬禮”、“安好”、“健康”、“平安”等詞,一定要另起一行空兩格,不得尾綴在正文之后。也可以在正文結(jié)尾下另起一行寫“祝你”、“敬祝”,再空兩格寫上“安好”、“健康”等。
在書信最后一行,署上寫信人的姓名。署名應(yīng)寫在正文結(jié)尾后的右方空半行的地方。如果是寫給的親屬、朋友,可加上自己的稱呼,如兒、弟、兄、侄等,后邊寫名字,不必寫姓。如果是寫給組織的書信,一定要把姓與名全部寫上。而在署名之后,有時還視情加上“恭呈”、“謹(jǐn)上”等,以示尊敬。上述自稱,都要和信首的稱謂相互吻合。
日期一項,用以注明寫完信的時間,寫在署名之后或下邊。有時寫信人還加上自己的所在的地點,尤其是在旅途中寫的書信,更應(yīng)如此。
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精選書信的格式及范文(精)四
外地的游客們:
你們好!
我是古都西安的一個小市民,在我眼中,西安的的確確是一個國際旅游大都市,今天就讓我來介紹介紹西安的旅游圣地吧。
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距秦始皇陵兵馬俑最近的就屬華清池了,這是一個沐浴的好地方,在唐代,曾是唐玄宗及愛妃楊玉環(huán)游玩沐浴的場所。現(xiàn)在,每年的4月到10月,每晚8點,都會在這里上演歷史情景劇《長恨歌》。華清池上,就是那著名的驪山,因為遠看像一匹青馬,所以稱為“驪山”。
在西安市區(qū)內(nèi),還有許多旅游圣地。如那具有極高藝術(shù)價值、珍藏著3000多種藝術(shù)珍品的陜西歷史博物館;又如那珍藏著王維、王羲之、吳道子等著名書法家、詩人、畫家的作品的碑林博物館,還有那有“晨鐘暮鼓”之說的鐘鼓樓。
在曲江新區(qū),還有兩個不得不去的地方。一是大雁塔和大慈恩寺。在大雁塔北廣場,有一個孩子們都喜歡去的地方-----亞洲最大的音樂噴泉廣場。二是大唐芙蓉園。這是西北最大、能充分展示盛唐風(fēng)貌的大型皇家園林式文化主題公園。
西安還有城墻、青龍寺、興慶宮公園、清真寺、半坡博物館等一些旅游圣地。西安的旅游勝地真的多的數(shù)不勝數(shù),還不快來西安轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)?
此致
敬禮!
書信格式模板三:精選書信的格式及范文(精)五
左上方填寫郵編及收信人地址;
信封中間居中寫收信人姓名,加上稱呼。它可以是寫信人對收信人的稱呼,也可以是郵遞員對收信人的稱呼。后者為王力先生的觀點,實際上郵遞員只認(rèn)為是寫信人對收信人的稱呼。收信人后面沒有稱呼是不禮貌的,屬于格式上的錯誤。
信封右下方為寄信人地址及郵編。
1、稱呼:
頂格,有的還可以加上一定的限定、修飾詞,如親愛的等。
2、問候語:
如寫“你好”、“近來身體是否安康”等。獨立成段,不可直接接下文。
3、正文:
這是信的主體,可以分為若干段來書寫。
4、祝頌語:
以最一般的“此致”、“敬禮”為例。“此致”可以有兩種正確的位置來進行書寫,一是緊接著主體正文之后,不另起段,不加標(biāo)點;二是在正文之下另起一行空兩格書寫。“敬禮”寫在“此致”的下一行,頂格書寫。后應(yīng)該加上一個驚嘆號,以表示祝頌的誠意和強度。
稱呼和祝頌語后半部分的頂格,是對收信人的一種尊重。是古代書信“抬頭”傳統(tǒng)的延續(xù)。古人書信為豎寫,行文涉及對方收信人姓名或稱呼,為了表示尊重,不論書寫到何處,都要把對方的姓名或稱呼提到下一行的頂頭書寫。它的基本做法,為現(xiàn)代書信所吸收。
5、具名和日期:
寫信人的姓名或名字,寫在祝頌語下方空一至二行的右側(cè)。最好還要在寫信人姓名之前寫上與收信人的關(guān)系,如兒×××、父×××、你的朋友×××等。再下一行寫日期。
如果忘了寫某事,則可以在日期下空一行、再空兩格寫上“又附”,再另起行書寫未盡事宜。